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2009-02-20

七年级健康教育教案(2

烟酒对人的危害

教学目标

1、让学生知道烟里含有大量的尼古丁,对人的危害很大。

2、让学生知道过量的酒对人的脑、肝、胃都有伤害作用。

教学重点1、让学生知道烟里含有大量的尼古丁,对人的危害很大。

2、让学生知道过量的酒对人的脑、肝、胃都有伤害作用。

教学难点:使学生懂得中小学生绝对不能吸烟、喝酒。

教具(课前准备)

有关吸烟对人体的危害和世界“无烟日”的宣传资料。

教学内容及过程

一、烟对人的危害

1、世界“无烟日”是哪一天?(531日)

 

烟草是生长在南美洲的一种野生植物,最初第安人将烟叶口嚼或做成卷烟吸吮。烟草在全球盛行了200多年,直到20世纪,人类才开始认识到烟草对人类的危害。1977年,美国癌肿协会首先提出了控制吸烟的一种宣传教育方式——无烟日。这天,在美国全国范围内进行吸烟危害健康的宣传,劝阻吸烟者在当天不吸烟,商店停售烟草制品一天。美国把每年11月第3周的星期四定为本国的无烟日。以后,英国马来西亚香港等国家和地区也相继制定了无烟日。

  198711月,联合国世界卫生组织建议将每年的47定为世界无烟日,并于1988年开始执行。但因47日是世界卫生组织成立的纪念日,每年的这一天,世界卫生组织都要提出一项保健要求的主题。为了不干扰其卫生主题的提出,世界卫生组织决定从1989年起将每年的531日定为世界无烟日,中国也将该日作为中国的无烟日。

2、烟的危害。

烟草的烟雾中至少含有三种危险的化学物质:焦油,尼古丁和一氧化碳,焦油是由好几种物质混合成的物质,在肺中会浓缩成一种粘性物质。尼古丁是一种会使人成瘾的药物,由肺部吸收,主要是对神经系统发生作用。一氧化碳能减低红血球将氧输送到全身去能力。

一个每天吸1520支香烟的人,其易患肺癌,口腔癌或喉癌致死的机率,要比不吸烟的人大14倍;其易患食道癌致死的机纺比不吸烟的人大4倍;死于膀胱癌的机率要大两倍;死于心脏病的机率也要大两倍。吸香烟是导致慢性支气管炎和肺气肿的主要原因,而慢性肺部疾病本身,也增加了得肺炎及心脏病的危险,并且吸烟也增加了高血压的危险。

3、香烟中有害成分是尼古丁,它的毒害程度是什么呢?

关于尼古丁。

尼古丁是一种难闻、味苦、无色透明的油质液体,挥发性强,在空气中极易氧化成暗灰色,能迅速溶于水及酒精中,通过口鼻支气管粘膜很容易被机体吸收。粘在皮肤表面的尼古丁亦可被吸收渗入体内。当尼古丁进入人体后,会产生许多作用:如四肢末梢血管收缩、心跳加快、血压上升、呼吸变快、精神状况改变(如变得情绪稳定或精神兴奋),并促进血小板凝集,为造成心脏血管阻塞、高血压、中风等心脏血管性疾病的主要帮凶。

一支香烟所含的尼古丁可毒死一只小白鼠,20香烟中的尼古丁可毒死一头牛。人的致死量是50~70毫克,相当于20~25支香烟的尼古丁的含量。如果将一支雪茄烟或三支香烟的尼古丁注入人的静脉内3~5分钟即可死亡。烟草不但对高等动物有害,对低等动物也有害,因此也是农业杀虫剂的主要成份。所以说:毒蛇不咬烟鬼,因为它们闻到吸烟所挥发出来的苦臭味,就避而高飞远走。同样道理被动吸烟者对烟臭味也有不适的感觉。

4、吸烟的人无疑会受到尼古丁的伤害,那么对周围被动吸烟的人有没有伤害呢?

被动吸烟( passive smoking; second-hand smoking)是指生活和工作在吸烟者周闱的人们不自觉地吸进烟雾尘粒和各种有毒的物质。

  许多实验表明,吸烟者在吸烟时,约把70%的烟雾吐人空气中,供旁人分享,若室内通风不佳,所有在场者都会受益不浅。而且被动吸烟者分享

  吸人的烟尘中有害物质浓度并不比吸烟者低,研究显示,吸烟者吐出的冷烟雾中,烟焦油含量比吸烟者吸入的热烟雾中的多1倍,苯并芘多2倍, 一氧化碳多4倍。

国外资料表明,丈夫吸烟的妻子(被动吸烟者) 发生肺癌2倍于夫妇均不吸烟者。其产生肺癌的危险性随丈夫的吸烟量增加而增高。有学者还分析了5000多名孕妇后发现, 丈夫每天吸烟10支以上时,其胎儿产前死亡率增加65%; 吸烟家庭儿童呼吸道疾病远多于不吸烟家庭。真可谓一人吸烟,殃及大家

二、酒的危害

1、导语

酒是用粮酿制而成的,成年人少量地饮用是有好处的,所以,医学上还用它制成药酒治病强身。但是,如果大量地喝酒,就会损伤脑、胃、肝等内脏,长期大量饮酒,甚至会有更大的伤害是什么?

2、关于酒精

酒精是一种无色透明、易挥发,易燃烧,不导电的液体。有酒的气味刺激的辛辣滋味,微甘。学名是乙醇, 分子式C2H6O,(酒精燃烧C2H6O+3O2→2CO2+3H2O)因为它的化学分子式中含有羟基,所以叫做乙醇,比重0.7893(204°)凝固点-117.3。沸点78.2能与水、甲醇、乙醚和氯仿等以任何比例混溶。有吸湿性。与水能形成共沸混合物,共沸点78.15乙醇蒸气与空气混合能引起爆炸,爆炸极限浓度3.5-18.0(W)。酒精在70(V)时,对于细菌具有强烈的杀伤作用.也可以作防腐剂,溶剂等。处于临界状态(24360kgCM·CM)时的乙醇,有极强烈的溶解能力,可实现超临界淬取。由于它的溶液凝固点下降,因此,一定浓度的酒精溶液,可以作防冻剂和冷媒。酒精可以代替汽油作燃料,是一种可再生能源。

1对大脑影响。

进入人体的乙醇由于不能被消化吸收,会随着血液进入大脑。在大脑中,乙醇会破坏神经原细胞膜,并会不加区别地同许多神经原受体结合。酒精会削弱中枢神经系统,并通过激活一直性神经原(伽马氨基丁酸)和一直激活性神经原(谷氨酸盐、尼古丁)造成大脑活动迟缓。伽马氨基丁酸神经原的紊乱和体内的阿片物质(抗焦虑、抗病痛)的分泌会导致多巴胺的急剧分泌。体内阿片物质同时还与多巴胺分泌的自动调节有关。究竟会对记忆,决断和身体反射产生影响,并能导致酒醉和昏睡,有时还会出现恶心。饮酒过量可导致酒精中毒性昏迷。

2)酒精对胎儿的危害

酒精是日常生活中常见的致畸剂之一,父母酗酒造成慢性酒精中毒时,可使精子或卵子的活力减弱,或者发育异常,从而影响受精卵和胚胎的发育。酒精对胎儿的影响具体有以下几方面:

  a、酒精中毒综合症 如果孕期孕妇一直饮酒,酒精中的有害成分可以通过胎盘到达胎儿体内,造成胎儿发育障碍,出生后生长发育异常,如中枢神经系统功能失调和面部有不正常特征等多发畸形,称为酒精中毒综合症 酒精对胎儿危害的程度,取决于孕妇的饮酒量多少。近年来研究证明,除可造成面部丑陋外,还可导致心脏缺陷、手足畸形和智力低下等。

 

 b、先天婴儿病 。这是指酗酒所致慢性酒精中毒的夫妻,或者是夫妻在星期天节假日,酒后同房怀孕所得的婴儿,是一种特殊疾病。由于酒精使生殖细胞受到损害,受精卵质量不健全所造成。这种婴儿无论是体力还是智力,都比正常婴儿差。发育迟缓,体重不足;常有小头、小眼裂等颜面畸形,面容丑陋;四肢关节异常;心脏或其它内脏畸形。  因此,孕妇及其丈夫如果想孕育一个健康聪明的后代,要坚决杜绝喝酒。

三、总结:青少年正处在生长发育的重要阶段,更不能喝酒。过年或过节,有时大人一高兴,也会让小孩喝酒,其实,这是很不负责任的。少年儿童自己也要自觉地抵制,千万不要认为这是好玩而无所谓。大家一定要记住,烟酒有害健康。

四、反馈检测

1、烟里含有哪些有害物质,它的毒害程度怎样?吸烟由于哪些害处?

2、酒对人有什么不良影响?

3、中小学生为什么不能喝酒?应该怎样做?


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